Help with Writing a Management Accounting Cost Classification Essay Essay Example

Help with Writing a Management Accounting Cost Classification Essay Essay A management accounting cost classification essay is a kind of written assignment that presupposes the discussion of a specific aspect of a given topic. While working on the delivery of the explanatory paper, one needs to take a deep insight into the topic and discuss all the issues connected to the given theme. An author has to present a number of persuasive arguments and relevant examples that will help to render one’s position and thoughts to the target reader. Thus, a person facing a task to deliver this type of written assignment should be well concentrated and possess profound writing skills to be able to create an appropriate paper. This kind of assignment is concentrated on such aspects of a topic as managerial costs, cost accounting, conversion management, variable packages, and financial software. It relates to the decision making process and arranging cost apportionment. It also occupies all the counting and methods of control. This aspect of company activity presupposes dealing with the prospects of development and building plans for the future. Cost accounting allows tracing the financial activity as well as conducting an analysis, making the prognosis and building plans. It is necessary to take an eye on all expenditures including financial software and labor product. Professors and teachers of higher educational institutions demand from their students the preparation of management accounting cost classification essay as it allows to examine their critical thinking abilities. What is more, it enables to evaluate the level of perception of the materials discussed during the course. All in all, it is beneficial for all people involved in the business as it allows to familiarize oneself with the fundamentals of accounting management and create a model, which will enable estimating all the pros and cons of the business activity. How to write a management accounting cost classification essay? We will write a custom essay sample on Help with Writing a Management Accounting Cost Classification Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Help with Writing a Management Accounting Cost Classification Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Help with Writing a Management Accounting Cost Classification Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A delivering process of any academic assignment presupposes preformation of a number of procedures, which allows creating a paper, which is logically built and sense loaded. The same is the process with the delivery of management accounting cost classification essay. Exists an established algorithm, following which an author will finally receive a coherent and cohesive piece of info. Thus, it is possible to divide the preparation procedure into three periods gathering data, writing a text and polishing the version. Each of these stages has its specificities, which a writer should take into account. In the stage of data gathering, an author has to concentrate4 mainly on the topic. Judging from a direction of theme, one should pick a number of credible and reliable sources. A prolific strategy will be to consult the list of references provided be a scholarly supervisor. Bear in mind the fact that it is better to take notes to have easy access to the necessary info. After that, one should compile an outline that will serve as a spine for the management accounting cost classification essay. During the writing stage, a writer should expand the outline compiled beforehand. It is necessary to enhance the basic framework with persuasive supporting arguments allowing the target reader to grasp the main idea of the author. Apart from that, one should take care that all the structural parts are present in the paper. The last stage presupposes editing the article. With the help of online tools, one can check the text, identify all the mistakes and quickly eliminate them. It is also necessary to take care of the originality rate. Text should be unique. Structure of a management accounting cost classification essay The main criteria that influence the quality of an academic paper are the coherence and cohesiveness of a document. Thus, a person working on the delivery of management accounting cost classification essay should bear this fact in mind. Before starting the writing process, one needs to familiarize oneself with the standards of structuring and stick to them while organizing one’s text. The main structural element of the assignment is the opening part, main body, and a final part. Each of those sections has specificities. The opening part of a paper or the intro is the first part, which the target reader sees. For that reason, I should be effective and attention-grabbing. It should evoke interest in the minds of the audience so that people will have the desire to continue reading a paper. Apart from that, an intro should comprise a thesis. Its purpose is to express the position of the author and at the same time express the idea of the whole writing. The next part is the main body section. It is the core of writing. The task of the author is to provide two-three relevant arguments, which will support the thesis. Bear in mind the fact that examples should enhance each of these arguments. They will illustrate the points and prove their credibility. The last section is the conclusion. Its main purpose is to sum up the main points discussed in the essay. An author has to include the paraphrasing of a thesis. The best argument enhancing the thesis would also be relevant. 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Due Process Models And Crime Control Models Essay Example

Due Process Models And Crime Control Models Essay Example Due Process Models And Crime Control Models Paper Due Process Models And Crime Control Models Paper Attorney Shank Krause In America, we have the greatest chance in the world for liberties and rights. Given to us by our Constitution, many of our laws have to coincide with the basics of our founding fathers beliefs in a good, lawful nation. Since the ratification of the Constitution, the first ten amendments made their way into modern law in December of 1791 to further procure our rights. These became collectively known as the Bill of rights. The Bill of Rights helps maintain balance between liberty and law, guaranteeing specific rights and freedoms to the people in return gaining their support. Each amendment helps the different cases in our law system today by dictating rights and context of how those rights may be violated. Many of our milestone amendments create a balanced law system, providing safety for individuals and our country. One of the major milestone amendments now well known is the fourth amendment. This guarantees that the government cannot search our homes, property, or person without reasonable, probable cause and a warrant. Infrequently, some exceptions have turned up over the years to challenge the fourth amendment, but this still stands as one of the most protected rights that will ever exist. This amendment alone protects our home and persons from being inexplicably searched or seized. In addition, this sets clear guidelines for search and seizure methods and when or how those methods are carried out. Next in citizens rights is the Fifth Amendment. This amendment gives us many of our due process rights. Here, it is stated that no person can be detained for a crime unless they are indicted y a grand jury or other legal process that determines there is probable cause for trial. This same amendment protects citizens from being tried more than once for the same crime, also known as double jeopardy. Double jeopardy can also be claimed if the defendant has been tried for a lesser included offense. This could mean that in the instance Of a person running over a small child, that person could be tried for murder. If they are acquitted, that same person cannot be tried again for manslaughter under the same crime. This amendment also helps guarantee that citizens cannot incriminate his or resell. If a person is refusing to answer or speak because of fear of incrimination, legally there is nothing that law enforcement can do. Each citizen has the right to remain silent. Next, the sixth amendment deals with our criminal court procedures and guarantees the right to a speedy, public trial by jury. Though speedy trial is not wholly defined, it is true in nearly all jurisdictions that there are specific time frames that must not be exceeded by the courts. The right to an impartial jury is covered under this amendment and has been challenged over and over in our system. In early years, only en could have a seat on the jury, and later only whites could remain there. Now, attorneys fight to make sure the jury pool is a selection of people that vary. This means that there is a cross selection of nationalities, sexes, ages, and other demographics. Under this amendment, the accused has a right to be informed of their charges and also a chance to confront those who accuse them. The defendant has a right to witnesses in his or her favor, even if those witnesses do not want to participate. This occurs through the action of subpoenaing. While the witnesses are a big part of any case, the attorney is a egger piece of the puzzle. Under the sixth amendment there is a right to an attorney, one that is effective at every stage of the trial and one that is present for all legal meetings. After the original ten amendments, there were still issues to hammer out as our nation grew older. One of the most critical new amendments to the Constitution was ratified on July 9th, 1868 and is the fourteenth amendment. The purpose of the fourteenth amendment was to ensure the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would remain intact throughout the years, ensuring that all persons born in the United States, excluding Indians not taxed (Civil rights Act, 1866) were legitimate citizens and would be given the full and equal benefit of all laws. (Civil rights Act, 1866). This amendment went more in depth than the Civil Rights Acts in many ways, including four main principles. These included: Citizenship rights are reaffirmed, no state is permitted to go against the privileges and immunities of citizens of the U. S. , no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, and no person could be denied equal protection of the laws. While great foundation was created with the fourteenth amendment, many inflicting cases have risen from its roots. A major issue with the wording includes the word state, meaning that the States are also translated to being subjects of the Bill of Rights, not just the federal government. Because of separation of state and federal laws, many cases can be distorted. Many criminal prosecution cases are challenged under the due process clause of this amendment. Losing the amendments and the constitution itself, there have risen two crime control models in modern criminal justice. These are the crime control model and the due process model. The conflicting ideas have rated a rift in the system, often hard to overcome. The crime control model focuses on the repression of crime. This means crime control supporters concentrate on vindicating victims rather than protecting the rights of the accused. Policing powers are expanded under this model, making it easier to let loose all methods while police investigate, arrest, or search the accused. In this model, supporters believe that legal technicalities like warrants should be removed so that police can have more rights and accused offenders will have less. This type of model suggests that the trial process should be done quickly, and that the system should remove the delay in disposition of criminal cases. Those arrested are assumed guilty because a thorough investigation has been done to the extent that police and prosecutors are highly reliable. The process in the Crime Control model should e fact finding and establishing guilt. However, the due process model is the exact opposite. In the due process model, the most important function is to follow the due process provisions and provide fundamental fairness under the current laws. This model emphasizes defendants rights, though sometimes almost ignoring the victims. Police powers are expected to be limited in order to prevent the opposition of individual rights. Constitutional rights are not just technicalities in this theory, but basic rights of all citizens. Authorities under the due process model are held accountable to rules, procedures, and proper guides to maintain fairness and consistency in the process. The criminal justice system should have plenty of safeguards in place to protect the factually guilty, as well as the innocent. No person should be considered guilty merely on facts or feelings, but also found guilty by way of following all rules. If a person is found guilty under an unfair circumstance, that person should not be found guilty at all in the eyes of the Due Process model. While neither model is superior to the other, each one values different viewpoints and ideals. The crime control model is more conservative, allowing the due process model to be more liberal. Each crime is different, meaning that not every crime will fit into each model perfectly. Only by using our written guidelines, the Constitution and its amendments, can we ensure that all citizens receive a fair trial for crimes they are assumed to have committed.

IPO analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IPO analysis - Case Study Example This technique, OpenIPO , was an invention aimed at making pricing and allocation of the IPO share a transparent and an easy-to-do process for the issuers and to do away with any possible conflicts of interests, as may arise, between the sponsors and issuers as had been the predominant case with the former/ traditional IPO. In addition, this company (W.R Hambrecht Company) also provides an option of the traditional technique, as may be the preference of the intended users who wish not use the new online initiatives. Other services such as the venture capital, M&A, market making, proprietary investments, financing of the private placements, and online brokerage businesses, are the traditional services that this institution still provide to ensure undoubted satisfaction levels of its clients. As if this is not enough, W.R Hambrecht Company further supports approximately 36 companies to attain their IPO via their new application (the online auction system) i.e., the Overstock.com and Go ogle.Inc, and other 15 companies to use the traditional style. Strategic considerations for entrepreneurs to evaluate while determining on whether to use Dutch auction or traditional IPO approach to taking a company public W.R Hambrecht Company recommends prior consultations and advisory services, as a method of strategic approach for entrepreneurs to effectively use while making business decisions on whether to use either the traditional IPO or the Dutch auction/OpenIPO. Such decisions have to be made under the premeditated considerations of; their institutions’ goals, pricing, shares allocations, and risks and returns that are linked to any of the options that a company would centralize on. For instance, both OpenIPO and traditional techniques present very different means of allocating their shares. A sponsor has higher priorities in making decisions that promptly determine the amount of shares that can be allocated to whomever suit their recommendations, an authority that is vulnerable to abuse, in the traditional IPO. This has the potential of impacting negatively in case a stock is mispriced. A substantial case is when a sponsor decides to allocate the available shares to individual accounts of business supervisory in other institutions of their business interest, a situation that is efficiently avoidable in the case of Dutch auction/ OpenIPO. OpenIPO does its allocation without malicious considerations such as personal interests in shares allocation. Thus, is guarantees fairness (no spinning) and only allocate shares to bid winners, i.e., those who placed their bids based on the price or higher factors. The second benefit of using the OpenIPO is that it guarantees an open platform for all irrespective of whether an investor is a larger institution or small enterprises, as had been the trend with the traditional IPO shares allocation. Characteristics of the OpenIPO that makes it to override the traditional IPO is that it allows limited incentives f or the small investor to purchase shares based on the underwriters’ quoted prices (which are lower), and quickly sell them off to gain a bigger profit margin. A second factor that OpenIPO will help to eliminate will be the possibility of investors to bid too low by ensuring that those who overbid and underbid are sold for the shares at equal prices. This second advantage would help the issuers to earn more, money they would have not realized while using the traditional I

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Article Review - Essay Example Bellamy & Basole (2013) reveal that with the ongoing evolution and adaptation of systems steered by multifaceted sociotechnical inter-firm contacts, traditional engineering and operations management modelling become less effective. The traditional modelling perspectives become ineffective in capturing of numerous complicated elements of supply chain systems or SCSs structurally and behaviourally. These drawbacks result to the acknowledgement of crucial benefits linked to network analytics in understanding, designing and managing SCSs. To understand the impact of network analytics, three interdependent themes evaluated are SCS system architecture or network structure, SCS system behaviour or network dynamics, and SCS system policy and control or network strategy. Network analysis involves interdisciplinary lens that relies on theories derived from organizational, social, and complexity sciences. Additionally, network analysis controls graph theoretic techniques to design, evaluate and visualize the SCS structure, strategies, and dynamics. Bellamy & Basole (2013) article relies on objectives of network analysis systematic review in the literature of supply chain; organization into an integrative framework and suggestions for future directions. The research fields included in the multidisciplinary analysis are operations management, sociology, biology, marketing, physics, economics, and system engineering. The data used by Bellamy & Basole (2013) was based on a supply chain context relative to the period starting 1995 to 2011. The year 1995 was chosen for being the first year network analysis use in analysing supply chain. Articles publication was based on publication year, research method and research theme, and publication outlet. The article’s research was found on 126 articles examined using varying combinations of the three themes but concerning the research

Exemplification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exemplification - Essay Example For instance, dialogue, holding and handling cell phones divert the driver’s attention and decreases their cognizance of their environments. Therefore, there odds of triggering an accident escalatesintensely. In response to this most state legislations have applied legislative and driver education measures. Virtually all car drivers are reported to have used a cell phone while driving. In this case, drivers are 5.4 times more likely to cause an accident while driving when compared to other drivers who are not using cells phones. For instance, car drivers who were using their cell phones were 0.09 times slower in responding to road use cues, 0.19 times more likely to be unresponsive to road lane speed limits (especially following braking), and 0.24 times more likely to misjudge vehicle distances while on the road. In this respect, cell phone distraction has been reported to cause a fifth of all reported road accidents (Strayer and Johnston 462). As earlier stated, cell phones distractions are to blame for a large number of road fatalities. In reference to that, most jurisdictions have enacted legislation that regulate cell phone use by car drivers with all drivers criminally liable of found contravening the legislation. For instance, New York State has enacted regulations that criminalize any form of cell phone use by drivers; terming cell phones use by drivers as dangerous and impractical. In addition to regulations, driver education has been termed as a key program to address cell phones use by drivers. Consequently, governments and legislators have determined that cell phone use by drivers is a dangerous habit (Noder 238). Research reports that most drivers are aware that cell phone use while driving increases their likelihood of causing an accident. In this case, they acknowledge that if they are repeatedly and consistently educated on the dangers of using cell phones while driving

Expertise Has Been Defined As The Outstanding Performance Nursing Essay

Expertise Has Been Defined As The Outstanding Performance Nursing Essay Expertise has been defined as the outstanding performance and appropriate behaviour shown during an uncertain situation. However, Erricson Smith argued that expertise requires series of outstanding achievements under different circumstances. Additionally, Ericsson (1999) defined expertise as ability to take the right decision for a particular situation and performing it at the right time. Jensen et al. (1999: 23) had a totally different perception, that experts use specific knowledge to solve problems and the knowledge is learned by means of practice and experience. Therefore, a requisite for expertise is experience Benner (2001: 3). However, Higgs and Jones (2008: 123) said merely gathering of years of experience does not mean they will become experts. Experience is necessary for the attainment of expertise, but is not sufficient: some therapists do not attain expertise despite many years of experience. Therefore, it is not simply years of experience that is important; rather, to le arn and grow, is considered to be vitally necessary for individuals (Jensen et al.1999). King at al (2008:110) stated extensive, focussed, and challenging experience is considered necessary, but very little is known about how much of, what type of experience is required for the development of expertise. Nojima et al (2003: 4) notes that expertise and experience are interlinked. However, in physiotherapy practice, it does not necessarily follow that with increased years of experience, the quality and quantity of care always improves. Furthermore, Anon (1961) defined expertise as the skill or knowledge of a person who is highly experienced or has superior performance in a specific subject related to their study. However, Crosby et al (1990: 374) stated an expert is one who is trained in a specialty area, either by education, experience, or both. Furthermore, Higgs and Jones (2008: 123) stated expertise is continuous process of development rather than a static state resulting from different aspects like knowledge and problem-solving skills. The process of developing expertise is progressive, but not straight and continuous (Nojima 2003: 4). Benner (1984) puts forth, using the Dreyfus model that in acquisition of development and skill, a student passes through five levels of proficiency: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. These stages from novice to expert highlight knowledge and decision making as essential requirements to expertise. In addition, Higgs and Jones (2008: 124) said expertise depended on detailed knowledge in a specific area, enabling them to distinguish the most critical and relevant information and to engage in effective action. Thus, expertise is a multi dimensional concept, these factors and characteristics serve the basis for understanding expertise (Jensen et al. 1999:23). There is an unbelievable rate of change in health care system, and significant advances in physiotherapy. Therefore, it is very important to understand how physiotherapists achieve expertise which will help in effective and efficient management of patients (Jensen et al. 1999:12). Thus, it can be seen that various factors contribute in developing expertise; however, understanding developing expertise helps one to become an expert from a novice. One such factor that contributes in developing expertise and will be addressed in this essay is knowledge, with the main focus on practical knowledge. KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTS Knowledge is defined as an understanding of the facts (propositional knowledge), values (personal knowledge), and procedures ( knowledge derived from theory and research (Higgs and Jones 2011: 154) e.g. there are five lumbar vertebrae in a human vertebral column. Non propositional knowledge or knowing how is created through practice and experience (Higgs and Jones 2011: 154) e.g. mobilization of joints. Non-propositional knowledge encloses tacit knowledge, practical knowledge and personal knowledge (self-knowledge) (Higgs and Titchen 1995: 526) e.g. of tacit knowledge is when a patient is made to stand from sitting, automatically the hand of the therapist supports the shoulder of the patient. Jensen et al (2000: 28) stated reality and knowledge are socially constructed. That is, reality exists because we give meaning to it. Thus, the individuals perceptions of reality, truth and knowledge have subjective dimensions or interpretations, as well as objective dimensions (reflecting the world out there). Knowledge is considered as a dynamic phenomenon undergoing constant changes and testing (Higgs and Titchen pg 521). For e.g. an expert physiotherapist has more knowledge than the novice which increases with experience. (Novice is a person who is new to the field or work where he/she is placed).An expert physiotherapist learns from experience, what typical events to expect in a given situation and how to respond to it (Benner 2001: 28). However, Higgs and Titchen (pg 521) stated knowledge is the product of a dynamic and indeed difficult process of knowing, or striving to understand. In such striving, the individuals depth and certainty of knowledge grows. For e.g.: An expert paediatric physical therapist collects multiple and selective cues through observation, handling of the child and conversation with the mother. The expert begins to see a pattern of motor delay that appears to be mild and knows the child would benefit from being encouraged to make specific movements whereas the no vice physiotherapist applies an evaluation framework, testing reflexes that he can remember. He tests child in all position and does not observe any abnormal responses to the tests he applies. Therefore, he concluded that the child has no problem (Jensen at al 1999: 21) Furthermore, knowledge is essential for reasoning and decision making, which lie at the centre of physiotherapy practice (Higgs and Titchen pg 521) for eg: an expert physiotherapist has to have knowledge about rheumatoid arthritis to choose the correct intervention for treating it. Jensen et al (2000: 28) argued that differences between experts and novices lay primarily in experts recall of meaningful patterns, that is, in the structure of the knowledge rather than in a problem-solving strategy applied to the problem. In addition, they postulated that problem-solving expertise was case specific and highly dependent on the clinicians mastery of a particular content domain. Developing and changing forms of knowledge are critical aspects of student learning, as they help students move from memorization of facts or information to understand key concepts and structure of knowledge. For example, if a novice can grasp the critical concept of testing muscles in gravity and antigravity positions and knows muscle structure and function, memorizing specific tests is unnecessary. Instead the novice can rely on knowledge structures. (Jensen et al 1999 pg 22).However, Higgs and Titchen( pg 521) concludes that it is possible to deal with knowledge and knowledge claims, using a flexible framework which consists of the four key elements apparently common to all knowledge-oriented activities, i.e. social interaction, personal commitment, development of the mind, and value implication of knowledge. Knowledge from one category can be transferred to other. For example: Practical knowledge can be transformed into formal, publically assessable propositional knowledge through theorization or rigorous critique. Propositional knowledge on the other hand also arises through basic or applied research. It can then be elaborated and arranged through practice to become part of the experience of individual (Higgs and Jones 2008 : 154). Practical knowledge is associated with the interpretive paradigm and is embedded in the world of meanings and of human interactions (pg525 Higgs and Titchen). However, in medicine and the health care professions, propositional knowledge is more valued than practical knowledge (Higgs and Titchen: 525).However, as discussed practical knowledge is considered important for expertise (Higgs Jones 2001: 154). Therefore, my focus will be on practical knowledge. PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE Smith et al (2003: 321) stated that it is both clinical and theoretical knowledge base, which enables physiotherapy experts to distinguish the most critical and relevant information and to engage in effective action e.g. in stroke rehabilitation, the expert knows how and when to make patients sit out of the bed whereas the novice will not make the patient sit thinking it is just two days of post stroke. However, King et al (2007: 224) argued experts can differentiate and selectively use the most important and relevant information because they possess structured and organized practical knowledge which provides a conceptual foundation. The practical knowledge of novice is stored haphazardly for e.g. a novice struggles to perform all the cranial nerve tests by memorizing the order of the tests, how is it performed and number of cranial nerves whereas an expert does it very easily (Jensen et al 1999: 32). Higgs and Jones (2011: 154) agreed that practical knowledge has supremacy over prop ositional knowledge by disagreeing to the medical model above, which follows rather than drives clinical knowledge. Furthermore, (Higgs and Titchen 522) argues that this compulsion of knowledge in its dependence upon propositional truth, limits acceptance and appreciation of non-propositional forms of knowledge. Although theoretical or propositional knowledge is useful in predicting the effectiveness of number of therapeutic interventions which might be helpful to the patient whereas practical knowledge helps the expert practitioner to use this theoretical knowledge in thze best interests of the particular patient or family member. The knowledge and awareness that arise through reflection are considered to be essential ingredients for development of clinical expertise (King 2008: 190).The experts reflect and learn from their experience whereas novice are rigid. Experience is the enhancement of pre-conceived notions and theory through encounters with many actual practical situations that add differences to the theory (Benner 2001: 36) It is this practical knowledge along with theory that makes enhancement possible for the experienced physiotherapist. Practical knowledge is generated through describing and interpreting phenomenon, particularly human phenomenon, exploring it, taking account into context, subjective meanings and intentions within the particular situation (Higgs and Jones 2008: 157). On the other hand, Benner (2001: 36) stated theory and research are generated from the practical knowledge, i.e. from the practices of the experts in a field. Moreover, expert physiotherapist relied on and utilized extensive physiotherapy knowledge to practice as compared to novice physiotherapists, who applied their existing theoretical knowledge to practice (Bonner 2007: 163). However, Jensen (1999: 33) argued that although experts posses more knowledge, it the organization and appropriate usage of that knowledge is important. Therefore, expert physiotherapists used multiple sources of knowledge in practice (Bonner 2007: 163). He also stated expert physiotherapists are better able to provide justification for their practice (Bonner 2007: 163). Experts continue to learn through experience by observing and scrutinizing their actions whereas novices thinking is governed by application of rules (Jensen 1999:17). Higgs and Titchen (1995: 521) stated physiotherapy experts construct their own knowledge rather than discovering it whereas novice rely on book knowledge and later apply it. Thus, knowledge is not simply transferred from the expert to novice; it is worked upon by the learner and incorporated into practice (Smith et al 2003: 324). Benner (2001: 2) stated there are many skills (knowing how) that are gained without knowing that. She also stated that one cannot always theoretically account for know-how for many common activities like swimming. OHara (2012: 66) stated Physiotherapy is a practice focused activity and thus requires a great deal of practical knowledge. Benner (2001: 4) stated Practical knowledge is gained over time, and experts themselves are often unaware of their gains. Bonner (2007: 163) takes the statement further and stated for expert physiotherapists, the practical knowledge which they learnt in their postgraduate level had been proceduralized into their routine practice to the extent that it is difficult for them to indentify where they had learnt something e.g.an expert no longer measurse ranges of motion of any joint using goniometer. Expert physiotherapists know exactly which intervention to be used not only theoretically but also practically (OHara 2012: 66). Whereas with slighted change in symptoms the novice will not be able to decide the type of intervention. OHara (2012: 66) stated Practical knowledge acts as foundation of understanding from which therapists make informed decisions about how to act in mostly uncertain situations. Bonner (2007: 164) argued it is not only the practical knowledge, but also clinical cues by the patient which helps to make decision in complex situations e.g. a patient might position him in a way to relieve the pain symptoms from back. Bonner 163: 2007 stated expert physiotherapist used multiple sources of practical knowledge to guide their practice. Moreover, Resnik et al (2003:1101) emaphasized experts use patient education as part of their practical knowledge to treat patients e.g. when a patient is taught what they have to do, why they have to do, then the patient automatically does it correctly so the work of the therapist lessens. King (2009: 186) argued that experts are more interested in observing how other expert therapists engage patients and in understanding the meaning of experiences for patients. Whereas the novice will not focus on other therapist and use their own rules of knowledge into practice. Higgs Jones (2011: 124) stated clinical reasoning brought progressive expansion of practical knowledge in a problematic situation that continued until the problem was solved e.g. when an intervention does not work, the physiotherapist reasons out for its failure. However, Jensen (1999: 266) argued clinical reasoning is theoretically quite simple but extremely difficult to apply in real clinical situations. Also, successful reasoning strategy might work in one can and may not apply in the second e.g. a low back ache patient might feel better with mobilization other may not. CONCLUSION The essay has demonstrated various aspects of knowledge and in particular practical knowledge which contribute in developing expertise in physiotherapy field. Practical knowledge is vital for skilful practice in physiotherapy. Efforts were made to appraise the best of literature and illustrate how expert and novice differ in practical knowledge and the effect on their clinical practice. This essay further concludes the importance and relevance of the practical knowledge in reference to developing expertise. Although, measures have been taken to appraise some of the key aspects of practical knowledge in depth. Other elements of practical knowledge can also be evaluated to develop expertise in the physiotherapy field.

Oedipus and Hamlet as Father Figures :: William Shakespeare Sophocles

Oedipus and Hamlet as Father Figures Oedipus and Hamlet are two very well known characters in literature. They both stand out in a reader's mind through their actions, conflicts, strengths, and weaknesses. A reader becomes involved more in the action through these two characters. They allow us, the reader, to gain a greater sense of the stories plot. In many ways these characters hold similar traits to one another but the one that stands out most in my mind is their relationships with their fathers. Their father's prior conflicts and decisions influenced these characters to the point of their own demise. In Hamlet Prince of Denmark young Hamlet is left facing the outcomes of the conflict his father had with his brother. Old Hamlet is dead, killed by his own brother for the thrown of Denmark. Young Hamlet is in deep morning over the loss of his father and now he has to handle the remarriage of his mother to his own uncle, the man who in cold blood killed his father. Hamlet, with the death of his father, is acting strangely but his whole outlook changes for the worst when his father's ghost visits him. He finds out the true causes of his death and he is influenced by his father to seek revenge. Hamlet's father tells his son to kill his uncle, Claudius because he is the cause of his death. Hamlet loved his father deeply and would do anything for him. He becomes enraged with anger and hate for Claudius and begins to plot his revenge, Claudius' own death. Throughout the play his father's ghost visits Hamlet. Even after his death he has a great control over his son and his action s. These visits are a constant reminder to Hamlet of the truth. Knowing the truth of his father's death has driven Hamlet to the brink of insanity. The only thing he can think of is revenge. His father's death and prior conflict with his brother has left Hamlet in a position of honoring his father and doing right by him, and the only thing he sees fit to do is rid himself of the man that brought about the anger Hamlet is feeling. In the end Hamlet finally gets the revenge he sought with the death of Claudius.